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Fate and Transport and Hydrogeological Characterization

2026-08-19T13:52:10-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |

Hydrogeological characterization and fate and transport modeling affects the performance of any remediation technology deployed at a site. To effectively remediate a site and optimize the use of time and resources, contamination must be sufficiently characterized using sound judgment to interpret available data. By delineating and understanding the geology and hydrogeology, our experts design strong conceptual site models, remediate groundwater, and employ beneficial reuse of sediments.

Reservoir & Lake Thermal Studies and Modeling

2026-04-29T11:27:24-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , |

Recent updates to Sections 316(a) and 316(b) of the Clean Water Act regulate the use and operation of cooling water intake structures and revised national effluent limitation guidelines, significantly impacting many factory and power plant operators. The use of cooling water involves significant regulatory hurdles to address aquatic environmental impacts caused by thermal discharges and the impingement and entrainment of fish and shellfish at water intake structures. Geosyntec offers years of experience to support factory and plant operators with successful environmental permitting and compliance services, especially related to Section 316(a) and (b) compliance. While Section 316(a) addresses the thermal discharges of point sources, Section 316(b) applies to the cooling water intake structures. Although often evaluated independently during the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting process, the interplay between thermal discharge and cooling water withdrawal permit limits can result in complex compliance issues for existing facilities. Notably, Section 316(a) provides that the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and delegated state agencies may authorize alternate thermal conditions in NPDES permits where the effluent limitation is more stringent than necessary to assure the protection and propagation of a balanced, indigenous community of shellfish, fish, and wildlife in and on the body of water into which the thermal discharge is made. The USEPA's regulations and guidance provide a broad for framework for developing the studies and data necessary to demonstrate that the alternative effluent limit is justified. To guide clients through this regulatory framework, Geosyntec's scientists and engineers provide compliance strategy support through the management and integration of multidisciplinary studies and study plan development. We provide peer review of data collection plans; prepare early data submittals; conduct studies of fisheries, aquatic invertebrate, and water quality; and delineate areas of influence delineation using acoustic Doppler technology. In addition, we employ computational fluid dynamics modeling to examine cooling water intake and discharge flows. For example, Geosyntec performed a reverification study for a steam electric station discharging to a tidal river. We developed a limited study plan, scaled to provide only the direct information necessary to reverify the conditions upon which the existing 316(a) thermal variance was based without being a full-fledged 316(a) demonstration study, which would have been much more costly. The study plan has since been circulated inside USEPA Region 4 as model for other facilities pursuing renewals of 316(a) thermal variances. Geosyntec implemented thermal plume monitoring, aquatic biological sampling, and reporting, which found no evidence of prior appreciable harm to a balanced indigenous population and supported continuation of the existing thermal variance. In addition, Geosyntec prepared and implemented a study plan incorporating an innovative study approach that integrated contemporary multi-metric bioassessment methods with more traditional 316(a) demonstration guidance. This provided for a structurally definitive decision-making process, which was otherwise lacking, for assessing biological community impacts. The results of our studies met prior performance standards, demonstrating the presence of a balanced indigenous biological community in the thermal discharge area.  

Water Supply Production Wells

2026-09-21T07:26:20-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , , , , , , , , |

The ability to develop and enhance sustainable water resources while balancing the benefits to human populations and water-dependent ecosystems represents one of the more critical issues facing communities across the globe. Designing effective and sustainable solutions that identify and address issues related to surface water and groundwater supplies can be complex, frequently requiring a multidisciplinary approach. The challenges associated with water supply development in California, for example, are notably different from those encountered in Florida, and this is reflected in the mix of disciplines and experience offered by Geosyntec practitioners in these locations and at a multitude of others around the world. Likewise, our clients are equally diverse, ranging from municipalities and water utilities to private companies that require water supply for industrial uses or to provide bottled drinking water. Geosyntec's scientists, engineers, and permitting specialists provide clients with integrated solutions based on decades of experience that balance the needs for water supply development and ecological health. We also provide clients a thorough understanding of their specific water cycle, allowing them to optimize their system performance and to make informed demand management decisions. Our practitioners provide detailed source assessments for both surface water and groundwater, identifying potential issues regarding water rights, water quality, and reliability. We perform robust alternatives analyses that present clients with a comprehensive understanding of the potential impacts associated with diversions from a surface water body, extraction from a groundwater aquifer, or the interaction of groundwater and surface water. We also engage with clients to develop a complete understanding of their needs and regulatory requirements related to consistent water delivery for their communities or industrial purposes. Armed with this knowledge, we frequently design production wells, diversion facilities, piping systems, and instrumentation networks that exceed expectations and allow clients to meet water supply needs. In addition, many of Geosyntec's clients have aging water supply systems and infrastructure that show clear signs of decreasing performance. We work closely with such clients using tools ranging from geophysical analysis of their conveyance systems to optimization modeling of their well fields and diversion facilities to ensure water supply systems operate at maximum efficiency.

Spring Water Source Studies

2026-04-23T12:58:58-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , |

Geosyntec provides a wide range of specialized services in the areas of water resources, water supply development, and water conservation throughout the world. We design effective and sustainable solutions that identify and address issues related to surface water and groundwater supplies. This work can be complex and often calls for a multidisciplinary approach. Geosyntec's scientists, engineers, and permitting specialists provide clients with integrated solutions based on decades of experience that balance the needs for water supply development and ecological health. Our practitioners offer a wide range of services that include most elements of water supply development, from initial source analyses, water quality evaluation, and water rights investigations through permitting and design of treatment and conveyance systems and construction management. We consult closely with clients to ensure a thorough understanding of their specific water cycle, allowing them to optimize their system performance and to make informed demand management decisions about their supplies of available water. We also conduct detailed source assessments for surface water and groundwater, identifying potential issues regarding water rights, water quality, and reliability. We perform robust alternatives analyses. These analyses help clients build comprehensive understandings of the potential impacts associated with diversions from surface water bodies, extraction from groundwater aquifers, and interactions between groundwater and surface water. In just one example, we provide comprehensive water supply services to Nestlé Water North America (NWNA), the largest bottler of spring water in the United States, for their operations in Zephyrhills, Florida. As NWNA's primary water resources contractor in Florida, Geosyntec ensures the client maintains sustainable yields from the natural groundwater system. We initially provided hydrologic studies to determine a spring's safe yield, conducted capture-zone analysis, and evaluated other nearby water supplies. We have also provided design, construction oversight, and permitting services for installation of NWNA's production wells in Florida, including at a bottling plant, a spring site, and a spring-water bulk loading facility. During installation of the wells, we monitored water quality parameters to ensure the geochemistry of the production water meets the strict standards of quality set by NWNA. For these sites, we also prepared a Standard of Identity report, which is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to approve the wells for bottled spring water. This report exhibits that the production well is connected hydraulically to the spring and shares identical water chemistry with the spring. Geosyntec was instrumental in obtaining approval in all states where approval was sought. At these sources, Geosyntec currently performs all sampling and reporting requirements identified by the permit, including groundwater sampling and water quality and level reporting.

Soft and Liquefiable Ground Improvement

2026-06-05T08:30:02-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , , , , , , , , |

Geosyntec has played a leading role in the development of state-of-the-art liquefaction and seismic analyses for over 20 years and has pioneered designing economical structures that safely resist the loads caused by earthquakes or allow for construction over soft soils. Geosyntec is recognized nationally and internationally for our capability to analyze the liquefaction potential of dam embankments and their foundations, as well as to assess the impact of liquefaction on bridges, buildings, and other structures. Our practitioners have performed liquefaction evaluations for hundreds of projects, including assessment of the consequences of liquefaction and development of solutions to mitigate concerns. These solutions have included ground improvement designs followed by testing during construction to verify that design objectives were met. In just one example, a large site owner in Delaware planning to develop a regional waste containment and disposal facility chose Geosyntec to design a foundation and berm on the property that could accommodate challenging subsurface conditions. Our engineers and scientists met the challenge by selecting vertical drains (PVDs) combined with a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) berm that could be constructed on top of soft, highly compressible river sediments. The 1.5-mile, 60-foot-high MSE berm provided a counterweight at the toe of the containment facility. With almost 2 million cubic yards of material, it is one of the highest and most massive reinforced structures over soft soils built in the United States. Geosyntec's design called of the PVD spacing helped control the rate of pore water pressure dissipation and determined the speed of MSE berm construction and vertical expansion waste placement. To optimize PVD placement, our team developed a project-specific pore pressure dissipation model. As part of the pre-design investigations, Geosyntec developed a sophisticated geotechnical monitoring system consisting of over 150 instruments to track the construction of the MSE berm. The system included electronic piezometers, settlement sensors, shape accelerometer arrays, and inclinometers.

Human Health & Ecological Risk Assessments

2026-04-28T10:56:28-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |

Commercial manufacturers, specialty chemical firms, and industry and legal-sector clients often face a complicated mix of constituents at their sites. They need to understand the implications of cumulative exposures across multiple pathways, often for multiple populations. In addition, they may be facing uncertainties associated with emerging constituents, which are often not yet well understood.

Specialty and Conventional Structural Foundations

2026-04-23T12:29:35-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , , , |

Geosyntec provides nationally recognized expertise and specialized geotechnical and geological engineering (geoengineering) services to evaluate and improve the design and construction engineering properties of soil and rock foundations. Our geoengineering specialists form one of the leading practices in the United States. They are recognized for their ability to develop practical guidance, and efficient designs conducive to aggressive construction schedules commonly imposed by project economics. Our geoengineering practice focuses on difficult and challenging sites where the development of dependable, cost-effective foundations, and other geostructural solutions are critical to the success of the project. Our practitioners accomplish this by establishing a thorough understanding of the project site, developing a technical framework for the project, and incorporating the critical non-engineering drivers such as schedule and project economics into the early stages of our planning. Our geoengineering professionals have responded to the challenges of increasingly unfavorable site conditions by developing and applying sophisticated approaches to investigate and characterize sites; analyzing foundation behavior; altering the engineering characteristics of the soil and rock at a specific site through soil and rock improvement; and environmentally remediating sites. We implement these approaches so foundations and other subsurface structures can be constructed safely, adequately support the built environment, and withstand potential geohazards. In just one example, Geosyntec was retained by a specialty geotechnical contractor to develop a detailed excavation design for a below-ground parking structure immediately adjacent to highly sensitive and large buildings of a medical facility in Texas. Our solution included designs for an anchored soldier beam and lagging wall comprising one or two tiers of prestressed ground anchors. The implementation of our design revealed a number of unforeseen obstacles involving installation issues and field conditions. As a result, Geosyntec was called upon to provide engineering services throughout the construction process. Our design avoided the significant number of obstructions (foundations, utilities, etc.) existing outside of the excavation footprint, and our client indicated that, based on the amount of obstructions encountered, our design avoided significant delays. We were also able to keep our client on track by the timely delivery of solutions to address field conditions and installation issues. During the upgrade of a ship loading system at the Port of Long Beach in California, Geosyntec engineers planned and conducted an extensive field exploration program, evaluated the stability of an existing steel sheet pile wall, assessed the capacity of the existing concrete pile system, designed a new pre-stressed, 90-foot long octagonal pile system for support of a new ship loader, and provided construction oversight for installation of new piles. We successfully overcame several project challenges that included drilling and CPT testing in approximately 30 ft of sea water and rip-rap, as well as the evaluation of vertical and lateral capacity of the existing pile group. Geosyntec designed the new pile system (200- and 275-ton design capacities) for stringent differential settlement tolerances and gave special consideration to the evaluation of pile capacity under seismic loading conditions, including the impact of soil liquefactioninduced lateral spreading on piles. In addition, we performed driving system analyses using GRLWEAP and set the production pile driving criteria.

Solid, Industrial, and Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities

2026-04-21T07:59:21-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |

Geosyntec is a recognized leader in helping our clients achieve safe, secure containment of their regulated wastes requiring land disposal.  We provide engineering and related services for siting, permitting, design, construction management/quality assurance, environmental monitoring, and closure/post-closure care. We are experienced in the design of: Municipal solid waste and construction and demolition debris disposal facilities Coal combustion residuals disposal facilities Industrial waste disposal facilities Hazardous waste disposal facilities The applied research of our leading practitioners for U.S. EPA, DOE, and industry associations has defined the state-of-the-practice for more than 30 years.  As a result, Geosyntec is often first-to-field with emerging technologies related to the secure, safe containment of our nation’s solid, industrial, and hazardous wastes.  Many of the waste containment system design methodologies that we pioneered in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s are today the standards of practice in the field. Using experience gained on projects at more than 400 facilities nationwide, we develop practical approaches to design and construction challenges associated with liner and cover systems, leachate and gas management, construction/waste filling/closure sequencing, and geotechnical and earthquake stability. We apply advanced concepts in geotechnical engineering and ground improvement methods to design foundations for sites that have poor structural characteristics or significant geological hazards. We have also pioneered the use of earth retention systems in the design of landfills to maximize airspace volume within limited property boundaries. We are working with our clients to develop approaches for the next generation of integrated waste management practices.  Emerging processes that take advantage of currently available technologies include renewable energy development, enhanced waste separation and processing, enhanced waste degradation through active biological processes, and resource recovery. Integration of conventional and emerging practices is often necessary to meet the complex demands of a community. We work with clients to develop strategic and tactical plans to solve their future MSW management challenges and meet cost, compliance, and service objectives.

Soil and Structure Interaction Studies

2026-05-27T12:58:37-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |

When site conditions such as soft and compressible soils, steep slopes, or seismic activity appear to limit site uses, Geosyntec's geotechnical engineering professionals create foundations and other geostructural solutions that optimize site development potential.

Facility Decontamination and Decommissioning

2026-08-20T12:26:42-06:00March 28th, 2014|Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |

Geosyntec's engineers and scientists aid many clients in the decommissioning and remediation of power plants, refineries, military facilities, NASA storage and assembly areas, and chemical manufacturing and distribution facilities. We also consult on the remediation and closure of dozens of industrial waste and solid waste containment facilities regulated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Notably, Geosyntec practitioners were key members of the Closure Project Team for the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Fernald Feed Production Center in Ohio, tasked with overseeing the removal of 31 million pounds of processed nuclear product, decontamination and demolition of 223 buildings, and removal of 8,900 cubic yards of radium-bearing waste. For this project, Geosyntec designed a hallmark on-site disposal facility (OSDF) to safely contain low-level radioactive waste and hazardous waste generated during the demolition and site cleanup process. We were selected as the engineer-of-record for the permitting, design, and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) services during construction, filling, and closure of the OSDF. The result is a secure 65-acre, eight-cell waste containment facility containing 2.95 million cubic yards of materials and capable of lasting at least 200 years, and up to 1,000 years to the extent achievable with available technology. At Fernald, Geosyntec redefined how modern containment systems could be used to securely dispose of hazardous and low-level radioactive waste. We have since been tasked with the design and construction of new OSDFs at both the DOE's Portsmouth and Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plants in Ohio and Kentucky, respectively. In addition, Geosyntec engineers and scientists have contributed heavily to asset retirement and conversion services for the electric power industry. For a former waste-to-energy generating facility in Florida, we prepared the preliminary remedial design for a 60-acre site regulated under CERCLA. Our services included construction management, third-party construction quality assurance oversight, and laboratory testing services as well as oversight of the demolition of two incinerators, a 200-foot water tower, and miscellaneous process and administrative buildings. Our optimization of the remedy led to minimized construction costs and approval of design modifications, resulting in client cost savings in excess of $1.5 million. We also provided valuable assistance in negotiating construction claims, which resulted in additional client savings. For another client undergoing a large-scale renovation and expansion of a coal-fired power plant, Geosyntec performed pre-demolition hazardous materials assessments and coordinated the facility's coal handling/processing structure demolition. We subsequently provided implementation design, bidding support, oversight, and documentation of soil remedial action plans, coordinating it with demolition and renovation/expansion activities. By supporting the client and demolition/ construction contractors with time-critical waste profiling, segregation, and management and by acting as regulatory liaison, we helped maintain the project's crucial renovation and expansion schedule. Geosyntec worked with the City of Coral Gables, Florida to prepare the design and bid package for the demolition of a waste-to-energy incinerator and 50-ft tall stack that contained elevated concentrations of lead, arsenic, and dioxins. Our significant experience in the assessment, characterization, and ultimate disposal of incinerator ash helped our client remove the stigma that the site once had in the community and positioned the property for commercial redevelopment. Geosyntec has provided single-sourced services for clients planning to decommission and demolish industrial manufacturing facilities with the intent to obtain regulatory closure in support of the future sale of the property. At these facilities, Geosyntec performed site characterization, decommissioning, decontamination, hazardous building material assessments, oversight of abatement, development of bid documents and bid support, construction management, construction quality assurance, and oversight of scrap/asset recovery. Single-sourced services reduced the clients cost and time to obtain closure by requiring fewer contracts to administer and fewer consultant/contractor interfaces to manage. The coordination of the work is placed with one consultant - Geosyntec. At a former catalyst manufacturing facility in Southern California that produced catalyst for use in petroleum refining, Geosyntec assisted the client in preparing the site for sale as part of their plan for consolidating their manufacturing capabilities into one facility. Geosyntec performed decommissioning and decontaminating support, hazardous building material surveys, oversight of abatement and demolition, Phase I and Phase II site characterization and soil remediation, and obtained regulatory closure.  After Geosyntec completed the work and obtained the regulatory closure, the client sold the property as planned.  Geosyntec has successfully provided similar services to other industrial clients for facilities that include former electrical transformer manufacturing, oil and chemical refining and processing, and aerospace fastener manufacturing. One measure of the value of Geosyntec's services is the repeat business with clients. For example, the client with the catalyst manufacturing facility in Southern California contracted with Geosyntec to perform similar, additional decommissioning and demolition services at their Northern California manufacturing plant.

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