LNAPL Characterization and Off-site Stormwater Assessment
An active rail yard in Grand Rapids, Michigan has been used as a rail car storage and maintenance facility for the last 100 years. Diesel fuel impacts entered the subsurface during this period, resulting in 7.8 acres of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) up to seven feet in thickness. Years of active LNAPL recovery had not sufficiently addressed underlying risks to potential environmental and human health receptors.
